This article is dedicated to analyzing Baykan Sezer's contribution to the institutionalization of sociology in Turkey. It focuses on his academic and pedagogical activities, as well as his role in the development of the critical school within the Turkish sociological tradition. Sezer critically challenged Western-centric theoretical approaches and proposed an original methodological perspective based on dependency theory and local social realities. His academic and educational legacy significantly influenced the development of sociology as an autonomous discipline in Turkey and contributed to the emergence of a new generation of critical scholars. Moreover, the article discusses the relevance of Sezer's works in the international academic context and their impact on global sociological discourse.

This article analyzes the psychological foundations, influencing factors, and effective methods of forming and developing logical thinking in adults. Logical thinking is an integral part of human activity and plays an important role in making informed decisions, solving problems, and critical thinking.

This article discusses the methodology for teaching preschool children to think independently today, and the fact that taking into account the psychological and pedagogical characteristics inherent in children in preschool educational institutions when guiding them to think independently is a guarantee of success. Information is provided on the influence of the development of the psychological characteristics of preschool children on the process of independent thinking at present, and problems and solutions are discussed.

In this article, terms and concepts related to the field of education in English and Uzbek are analyzed from a comparative point of view. Also, the literature related to the field and the scientific opinions presented in them were researched.

This article discusses the cultural level of our people during the Soviet colonial period, the cultural and educational activities carried out in our country and their implementation.

This article describes the role of enlightenment in the social activities and social views of the famous enlightened writer Abdulla Avloni, as well as his views on spiritual and educational education presented in his work “Turkiy Guliston yoxud axloq” education and education in the nation. It will be devoted to a brief analysis of issues such as the importance of raising spirituality and enlightenment and raising the future generation, the nation, to be spiritual, enlightened, and perfect.