The article analyzes the study of the problem of Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography based on the IMRAD model. The source basis of the study is dissertations prepared at Turkish universities and the scientific conclusions presented in them. The aim is to reveal how Jadidism was explained in the Turkish scientific environment, which directions were prioritized, and how the role of Turkestan Jadids in education, religion, literature, politics, and socio-economic life was interpreted. The results show that, while Turkestan Jadidism in Turkish historiography was initially interpreted within the framework of the "usuli jadid" schools and the influence of Ismail Gaspirali, in subsequent studies it was evaluated as a complex movement related to Behbudi, Munavvar Qori, Abdurauf Fitrat, Young Bukhara people, the press, national revival, religious reform, and socio-economic development. Each main idea in the article is given with footnotes indicating the page.

This article analyzes the formation and development of knowledge from the perspective of semiotic systematization. Knowledge is interpreted as a process through which information about the external world is transformed into a symbolic-cognitive construct by means of sensation, perception, experience, logical generalization, and social agreement. The article examines the emergence of signs, symbols, sounds, words, texts, and concepts, as well as the mechanisms by which they are transformed into knowledge, on the basis of naturalistic, conventional, anthropological, and cognitive approaches. It also distinguishes genetic, artificial, and social forms of knowledge and explains their role in human thought, experience, cultural relations, and the system of formal education.

This article analyzes social communication problems emerging among primary school students in the context of the rapid development of information and communication technologies. From a philosophical and pedagogical perspective, the author examines the negative impact of virtual world addiction on children`s speech, worldview, and interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, the article puts forward scientific proposals for restoring students` need for face-to-face communication in the era of technological progress and the rational use of digital devices.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main problems of the digitalization process in transport and logistics enterprises. The results showed that the digital transformation process in the transport and logistics sector is characterized by a lack of financial resources, a shortage of specialists with modern information technologies, the obsolescence of the existing infrastructure, and the priority of data security problems.

The article discusses the fact that today the processes of development, renewal and modernization in our society are being carried out step by step, which in turn leads to sustainable development in the economic, political, social, scientific, cultural and a number of other spheres of the state. Also, special attention is paid to the essence of the concepts of modernization and transformation, and the attitudes and opinions of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the definitions of the concepts are given.

The article substantiates the processes of forming ecological awareness and culture in modern society, the introduction of new approaches to the development of ecological culture, the use of modern methods and tools, as well as the importance of coordinating actions at global and local levels. The article also identifies modern mechanisms and prospects for the development of ecological culture.

This scientific article studies the lexical transformation of proverbs in the work "Kutadgu Bilig" in Turkish. The process of lexical transformation in the work helps to understand the process of language development. Studying this process helps linguists to determine the historical development of the language, the changes in lexical units, and cultural influences. Lexical transformations enrich the language and expand its functional capabilities.

This article is devoted to the study of methods, possibilities and practical significance of modeling the distribution of air pollution using geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes methods for analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollution based on data from ground monitoring stations, transport and industrial zones, and remote sensing technologies. It is also shown that the models developed using GIS are of practical importance in the application of environmental monitoring, urban planning and sustainable development strategies.

In order to reveal the essence of the processes of social transformation, the article analyzes the processes leading to structural changes in the state, society, life, activities and worldview of the individual. Also presented are opinions and comments on the impact of the transformation process on the national mentality and national consciousness.

This scientific study analyzes the development of modern educational processes based on international norms and indicators, as well as their adaptation to local conditions. It examines legal education approaches widely applied in global practice, particularly the design of curricula based on competencies, the expansion of academic freedom, and the strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring education quality. These aspects are studied in comparison with reforms in national education policy. In addition, the research explores the challenges that arise in aligning the national legal system with global standards, their socio-legal consequences, and possible solutions. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on the documents of international organizations in the field of education, advanced foreign experiences, and the requirements of national legislation. As a result, conceptual directions have been developed for achieving high-quality indicators in the legal field through improving the content and methodology of education, enhancing staff qualifications, and expanding international cooperation.

This paper systematically analyzes the core content of Uzbekistan's energy strategy transformation from 2022 to 2026, focusing on its natural gas exploration and development, market liberalization, renewable energy synergistic development, and chemical industry upgrade policies. Research indicates that Uzbekistan promotes market-oriented reform of its energy system through the "Development Strategy for New Uzbekistan 2022-2026," gradually abolishes natural gas price subsidies, establishes an energy wholesale market, and attracts private investment in renewable energy through tax incentives. Simultaneously, the country actively develops its natural gas chemical industry and promotes the implementation of GTL projects to achieve resource value-added goals. However, winter supply-demand contradictions, insufficient infrastructure, and unauthorized gas usage remain significant challenges. This paper evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of Uzbekistan's energy transition by combining policy texts and statistical data, providing a case reference for understanding Central Asian energy policies.

This article provides a thorough analysis of the international relations system and the ongoing geopolitical transformation processes in the Near and Middle East. It examines the rivalry among major geopolitical powers, strategic interests of external actors, competition for natural resources, religious and ethnic conflicts, and regional security issues.