This article analyzes the formation and development of knowledge from the perspective of semiotic systematization. Knowledge is interpreted as a process through which information about the external world is transformed into a symbolic-cognitive construct by means of sensation, perception, experience, logical generalization, and social agreement. The article examines the emergence of signs, symbols, sounds, words, texts, and concepts, as well as the mechanisms by which they are transformed into knowledge, on the basis of naturalistic, conventional, anthropological, and cognitive approaches. It also distinguishes genetic, artificial, and social forms of knowledge and explains their role in human thought, experience, cultural relations, and the system of formal education.

Onomatopoeic words in Japanese constitute an independent lexical-semantic system consisting of five groups. One of the most fundamental features of onomatopoeic words in Japanese is the regular, systematic connection between phonetic form and meaning. This article examines the lexico-semantic structural features of onomatopoeic lexicon in Japanese, focusing on the categories of giongo (擬音語) and gitaigo (擬態語), analyzing their classification, phonosemantic isomorphism, and grammatical usage through concrete examples. The article demonstrates that Japanese possesses a uniquely developed onomatopoeic system compared to other world languages.

This article provides a specific structural analysis of units inherent in the lexical system of children's folklore in the Uzbek and English languages. The semantic range of units was studied based on examples of oral folk art characteristic of both nations.

This article examines the role of Russian personal names in shaping the image of individuals and society. Personal names are analyzed not only as a means of personal identification but also as an important linguistic and cultural element reflecting social status, national identity, cultural values, and historical era. The paper examines the origins of Russian anthroponyms, their semantic features, and their functional role in fiction. Particular attention is paid to the importance of names in revealing a person's character, defining the social environment, and conveying social relations. The conclusion is that Russian personal names are an important factor demonstrating the relationship between language and society.

This paper examines the lexical and semantic characteristics of key terminologies used in Islamic studies. By analyzing the etymology, morphological patterns, and semantic shifts of selected terms, the article highlights their theological, legal, and sociocultural dimensions. The study also explores how these terms have evolved across different historical periods and linguistic contexts, while noting the challenges of translation and interpretation in non-Arabic settings. Understanding these features contributes to more precise academic engagement and interreligious dialogue.

This article highlights the importance of studying the associative field in modern linguistics today. It is known that a person perceives, understands and feels being through language. Words form certain groups in our minds. To understand their meaning, it is necessary to understand that each group is essence, the words in it are knowledge expressed through reality, meanings. In linguistics, a language like this is seen as an association to the Union of units according to their formative or logical-semantic sign. The idea of the subject and the word cannot be understood separately from each other.

This paper provides information about meronymy, and its differences, particularly, semantic and stylistic features, and the relationship of comparative analysis in two languages Uzbek and English. Furthermore, it is explained that words related to meronymy expressed the linguistic and non-linguistic appearance of words between the two languages, determining mutual relations in semantic meanings and stylistic colors from different point of view.

The article attempts to investigate briefly the causes of current situation of teaching English as a foreign language and to suggest a brief theoretical guideline that may be of help in remedying the deficiencies.