The article theoretically analyzes the goals, principles, content and methodological foundations of the methodology of independent creative activity of students. Its classification, parameters and methods of assisting in the development of independent creative activity are described.

This article examines the phenomenon of “mosque diplomacy” through the lens of historical, cultural, and political processes – from the early Islamic period to modern Uzbekistan. Mosques are analyzed not only as places of worship but also as centers for disseminating information, establishing diplomatic relations, providing education, and fostering social cohesion. The study highlights the geopolitical goals of “soft power” policies implemented through the construction and restoration of mosques in Central Asia. Using the example of the restoration of the Langar Ota Mosque with U.S. support, the article demonstrates how cultural heritage sites can strengthen international cooperation, mutual trust, and intercultural dialogue.

This article provides a thorough analysis of the international relations system and the ongoing geopolitical transformation processes in the Near and Middle East. It examines the rivalry among major geopolitical powers, strategic interests of external actors, competition for natural resources, religious and ethnic conflicts, and regional security issues.

This article studies the scientific and methodological foundations of improving the quality and content of education in the higher education system based on the qualitative approach. In particular, the content of the qualitative approach is analyzed from a pedagogical point of view and the possibilities of its integration into the educational process are highlighted.

This article discusses in detail the emergence of the terms Afghan and Pashtun, the origin of the Pashtuns, their place in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and their influence on the politics of these countries. The article also describes in detail the idea of the Pashtuns to establish a state of "Pashtunistan" and attempts to implement it. The position of Afghanistan and Pakistan regarding the Pashtun movement and the policies pursued by the parties are widely covered.

This article analyzes the geopolitical significance of Arctic shipping routes in the context of global climate change, energy security and international cooperation. The main focus is on the role of Russia and China in the development of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), as well as the prospects for their strategic partnership in the Arctic region. The paper examines the international legal aspects of navigation in the Arctic, economic benefits and risks, as well as the geostrategic interests of key global actors. An analysis of existing scientific literature, government strategies and interstate agreements is provided. The results of the study demonstrate the growing importance of the Arctic in world politics and emphasize the need for joint efforts by Russia and China for the sustainable development of the region.

The development of Russian-Chinese intercultural relations is an important component of neighborly relations, friendship and cooperation oriented toward the 21st century and a primary aspect of the comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction between the two countries. At present, Russian-Chinese intercultural exchanges have achieved initial success and show broad prospects for development. In order to further expand exchanges and cooperation between China and Russia in the humanitarian and social spheres and promote the stable and healthy development of Russian-Chinese relations, we must make greater efforts.

This article presents an analysis of the criminological characteristics of juvenile offenders, their unique personal characteristics, the work being carried out in our country to prevent crimes and offenses among juveniles, statistical data on crimes committed by juveniles, and the importance of spiritual activities in preventing their crimes.

This study examines the effectiveness of the 2R2D (Reading, Reflection, Discussion, and Discussion) method in teaching Persian in religious schools in Uzbekistan. Since Persian is an important language in Islamic theology, improving students’ Persian language skills is essential for understanding religious texts. The 2R2D method combines active reading, critical thinking, collaborative discussion, and structured discussions to develop language comprehension, critical thinking, and theological discussion skills. The study uses mixed methods, including classroom observations, tests, and student feedback to assess the impact of the method. Preliminary results indicate that the 2R2D method improves Persian language acquisition while increasing students’ engagement in religious content.

This article examines the portrayal of childhood in 19th-century English literature from social, psychological, and cultural perspectives. Excluding the works of Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist, it analyzes the depictions of childhood in the works of Thomas Hardy, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and William Wordsworth. The study explores the social issues of the Victorian era, attitudes toward childhood, and the symbolic significance of child characters. Through these portrayals, authors convey social critique and psychological insights.

The article examines the study of the civilizational development of Japan. The purpose of the study is a thorough analysis of the work of the orientalist, academician Nikolai Iosifovich Konrad, who devoted more than 40 years of his life to the study of Japanese civilization, especially the history of its culture. N. Konrad is considered one of the first who was able to apply a comparative approach to Japanese culture with the cultures of the East and West, which subsequently allowed a new assessment of the contribution of Japanese civilization to world culture. The main conclusion of this study is that the legacy of N. Konrad is fundamental in the study of Japanese history, culture, literature and language, and his translations and commentaries on Japanese literature have become an important tool for understanding the Japanese people and their way of life.

The article examines Japan's modern economic diplomacy. The aim of the study is to analyze the economic potential of the land of the rising sun, as well as its participation in international organizations. The main conclusion is that Japan's economic diplomacy is a powerful tool that combines trade, investment and development assistance to strengthen global and regional influence. The prospects for economic diplomacy are also associated with deepening digitalization, expanding green projects and strengthening regional structures, which will allow Japan to maintain competitiveness in a multipolar world.